Diarrhoea, causes, symptoms, signs and treatment.

Diarrhoea is a common condition that affects the digestive system, characterized by loose and watery stool. It can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, food poisoning, medication side effects, or even stress. Diarrhoea can range from mild to severe, and it can last for a few days or even weeks.

Diarrhoea disease has significant implications for global health, especially for children under the age of five. It remains the second leading cause of death in this age group, taking the lives of approximately 370,000 children in 2019 alone. The impact of diarrhoea is primarily attributed to the risk of dehydration.

During an episode of diarrhoea, the body experiences a significant loss of water and electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate. These vital elements are expelled through liquid stools, vomiting, sweating, urine, and even breathing. If these losses are not adequately replenished, dehydration sets in with potentially severe consequences.

Dehydration not only exacerbates the immediate symptoms of diarrhoea but can also lead to a range of complications and long-term health issues. Severe dehydration can result in organ failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if left untreated. It is particularly concerning in children, as they are more vulnerable to these effects due to their smaller body size and limited capacity to tolerate fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Here are some common causes of diarrhea:

1. Bacterial Infections: Bacteria such as salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter are often responsible for causing diarrhea. These infections are typically transmitted through contaminated food or water.
2. Viral Infections: Viruses like norovirus, rotavirus, and viral hepatitis can also lead to diarrhea. These infections are highly contagious and can spread through close contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces.
3. Parasitic Infections: Parasites like Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium can cause diarrhea when ingested through contaminated food or water. These infections are more common in developing countries with limited access to clean water and sanitation.
4. Food Poisoning: Consuming contaminated or spoiled food can result in diarrhea. Common culprits include undercooked meats, raw eggs, unpasteurized dairy products, and improperly stored or handled foods.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as antibiotics, can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the digestive system, leading to diarrhea as a side effect. Other medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may also contribute to diarrhea.
6. Food Intolerances: Some individuals may experience diarrhea due to certain food intolerances, such as lactose intolerance or gluten intolerance. In these cases, the body has trouble digesting specific components of certain foods.
7. Digestive Disorders: Chronic conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and celiac disease can cause chronic or recurring episodes of diarrhea. These conditions often require medical management.
8. Stress and Anxiety: Emotional stress and anxiety can affect gastrointestinal function, leading to bouts of diarrhea in some individuals. This connection between stress and bowel movements is commonly referred to as “nervous stomach.”
9. Traveler’s Diarrhea: Traveling to unfamiliar destinations, especially in developing countries, can increase the risk of acquiring traveler’s diarrhea. This is often caused by consuming contaminated food or water.
10. Side Effects of Surgery or Medical Procedures: Some individuals may experience temporary diarrhea as a result of surgical procedures or medical treatments like radiation therapy.

Signs and Symptoms of Diarrhoea

some common signs and symptoms to look out for:

1. Loose or Watery Stools: Diarrhoea is often associated with a sudden increase in the frequency and liquidity of bowel movements. The consistency of the stool may range from loose to completely watery.
2. Abdominal Cramps: Many individuals with diarrhoea experience abdominal cramping or discomfort. This can range from mild twinges to more severe pain.
3. Nausea and Vomiting: Some people may experience feelings of nausea or may even vomit during an episode of diarrhoea. This is especially common when the diarrhoea is caused by an infection.
4. Dehydration: Diarrhoea can lead to the loss of vital fluids and electrolytes from the body. As a result, dehydration may occur, leading to symptoms such as increased thirst, dry mouth, decreased urination, fatigue, and dizziness.
5. Fever: In some cases, diarrhoea may be accompanied by an elevated body temperature. This can indicate an underlying infection that needs to be addressed.
6. Blood in Stool: While not a common symptom, the presence of blood in the stool should never be ignored. It can indicate a more serious condition and warrants immediate medical attention.

It’s important to note that the severity and duration of diarrhoea can vary depending on the underlying cause. In most cases, diarrhoea is self-limiting and resolves within a few days. However, if diarrhoea persists for more than a couple of days, is accompanied by severe pain or other concerning symptoms, or if you suspect dehydration, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and appropriate treatment.

Treatment of Diarrhoea.

1. Hydration is key: Diarrhoea can lead to dehydration, as the body loses essential fluids and electrolytes. It is important to replenish these by drinking plenty of water, clear soups, and oral rehydration solutions. This helps to maintain the body’s electrolyte balance and prevent complications.
2. Follow the BRAT diet: The BRAT diet consists of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. These bland, easily digestible foods can help ease symptoms and provide nourishment without irritating the digestive system. Additionally, incorporating foods rich in electrolytes, such as potassium and sodium, can be beneficial.
3. Avoid certain foods and beverages: While certain foods can help alleviate diarrhoea symptoms, others may exacerbate them. It is advisable to steer clear of spicy, greasy, or fatty foods, as well as caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated drinks, as these can worsen diarrhoea and irritate the intestines.
4. Over-the-counter medications: In some cases, over-the-counter medications like loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) may be recommended to help reduce the frequency and duration of diarrhoea. However, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any medication, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
5. Rest and self-care: Resting and taking care of yourself is crucial when dealing with diarrhoea. Give your body time to heal and recover by getting plenty of rest. Avoid strenuous activities until your symptoms subside.
6. Seek medical advice: If your diarrhoea persists for more than a few days, is accompanied by severe abdominal pain, fever, or blood in the stool, it is important to seek medical advice. These symptoms might indicate an underlying infection or more serious condition that requires medical intervention.

Remember, everyone’s body is different, so what works for one person may not work for another. It is vital to listen to your body, adapt your diet accordingly.

Maintaining proper hygiene, such as regular handwashing, and ensuring safe food and water sources are important in preventing the spread of diarrhoea.